Research paper
Macnamara BN, Hambrick DZ, Oswald FL. Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and professions: a meta-analysis. Psychological Science. 2014;25(8):1608-1618. doi:10.1177/0956797614535810
Why we cite it
A meta-analysis covering the major domains in which deliberate practice had been studied, testing the view that individual differences in performance largely reflect differences in the amount of deliberate practice. In the figures as corrected by the authors in 2018, deliberate practice explained 14% of the variance in performance across domains, and by domain 24% for games, 23% for music, 20% for sports, 5% for education and 1% for professions. The authors conclude that ”deliberate practice is important, but not as important as has been argued”.
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