Research paper
Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Wen MJ, Dyachenko A, Prior JL, Weinberg ME, Herraiz LA, Tai VW, Bergeron N, Bersot TP, Rao MN, Schambelan M, Mulligan K. Effect of a high-fructose weight-maintaining diet on lipogenesis and liver fat. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015 Jun;100(6):2434-42. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3678. PMID: 25825943. PMCID: PMC4454806.
Why we cite it
Inpatient crossover trial demonstrating that replacing complex carbohydrates with fructose increases liver fat and hepatic DNL within just 9 days, at neutral energy balance and with no change in body weight or composition. Provides direct quantitative DNL measurements (18.6% vs 11.0%) using stable isotope tracers — the gold standard method. Also demonstrates blunted hepatic insulin suppression of endogenous glucose production with fructose, suggesting early hepatic insulin resistance. The short duration and isocaloric design isolate fructose as the causal variable.