Research paper
Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 23;364(25):2392-404. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1014296
Why we cite it
Prospective cohort analysis of 120,877 US health professionals (nurses in NHS and NHS II, and men in HPFS), ”free of chronic diseases and not obese at baseline”, followed 12–20 years. It quantifies the independent association of specific foods and lifestyle factors with long-term weight change, per daily serving. The associations are observational. The authors explain the inverse associations by displacement: such foods ”cannot violate thermodynamic laws”, and increasing them ”reduced the intake of other foods to a greater (caloric) extent”. It is not evidence that diet quality matters beyond calories.
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