Blackwell et al. 2007

Research paper

Blackwell LS, Trzesniewski KH, Dweck CS. Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: a longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development. 2007;78(1):246-263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x. PMID: 17328703.

Why we cite it

The longitudinal-plus-intervention study whose numbers reach this library through a trade book and a summary. In 373 seventh graders, believing intelligence is malleable predicted rising maths grades across junior high while believing it fixed predicted a flat trajectory; a separate 48-student intervention teaching the malleable view produced positive motivational change. It is the primary `kms01` needed — and its intervention arm is exactly the kind of study `cms03` finds weak in aggregate, which is why the two are shelved together. 625 citations (Europe PMC, 2026-08-31).