Research paper
Mourão DM, Bressan J, Campbell WW, Mattes RD. Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults. International Journal of Obesity. 2007 Nov;31(11):1688-1695. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803667
Why we cite it
Extends the liquid calorie finding from DiMeglio & Mattes 2000 (clc01, which used only carbohydrate) by demonstrating that the beverage compensation failure applies across all macronutrient types — carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Also distinguishes the mechanism: the problem is weakened satiety (hunger returns sooner after liquid consumption) rather than satiation (amount consumed at the meal itself). Directly relevant to the project because it shows the liquid calorie problem is not specific to sugary drinks — any calories consumed as liquid are poorly compensated.