Research paper
Pan A, Hu FB. Effects of carbohydrates on satiety: differences between liquid and solid food. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011 Jul;14(4):385-390. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328346df36. PMID: 21519237.
Why we cite it
Provides review-level evidence that the physical form of carbohydrates — liquid versus solid — is a meaningful determinant of satiety and energy intake. The key insight is that compensation for liquid calories is incomplete: people do reduce subsequent intake somewhat after drinking calories, but not enough to offset the liquid calories consumed, leading to a net increase in total energy intake over time. Relevant to the project because it explains why liquid calories are a practical target — the body doesn't adequately account for them.
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328346df36 · PubMed 21519237 · Publisher