Research paper
DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 2000 Jun;24(6):794-800. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229
Why we cite it
Provides the crossover trial that gave the same fifteen people ~450 kcal/day as soda and, in a separate four-week period, as jelly beans, then measured what they ate around it. Directly relevant to the project because it quantifies the difference precisely — solid carbohydrate drew 118% dietary compensation while liquid carbohydrate drew essentially none (−17%), and body weight and BMI rose significantly only in the liquid period. The failure is behavioural, not a demonstrated satiety difference: hunger ratings did not differ between conditions. Participants added the liquid calories without reporting they felt any hungrier — which is the finding, and a stronger one than a satiety story would be.
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