Research paper
DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 2000 Jun;24(6):794-800. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229
Why we cite it
Provides the foundational crossover study demonstrating that liquid and solid calories of identical composition produce fundamentally different satiety responses. Directly relevant to the project because it quantifies the difference precisely — solid carbohydrate triggers 118% dietary compensation while liquid carbohydrate triggers essentially none (-17%) — explaining why sugary beverages are uniquely fattening despite containing the same calories as solid foods.