Research paper
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada MLC, Rauber F, Khandpur N, Cediel G, Neri D, Martinez-Steele E, Baraldi LG, Jaime PC. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutrition. 2019;22(5):936-941. doi:10.1017/S1368980018003762
Why we cite it
Provides the authoritative practical guide for identifying ultra-processed foods within the NOVA framework — defining all four NOVA groups, listing the specific industrial ingredients and cosmetic additives that mark a product as ultra-processed, and offering a simple label-reading method that makes the classification usable by researchers, policymakers, and consumers.