Research paper
Mitrou P, Petsiou E, Papakonstantinou E, Maratou E, Lambadiari VA, Dimitriadis P, Spanoudi F, Raptis SA, Dimitriadis G. Vinegar consumption increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by the forearm muscle in humans with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2015;2015:175204. doi: 10.1155/2015/175204
Why we cite it
Provides mechanistic evidence, in 11 people with mild type 2 diabetes, that vinegar’s effect on carbohydrate metabolism ”may be partly accounted for by an increase in glucose uptake” into skeletal muscle (corrected 2026-09-19 from ”direct mechanistic evidence for how vinegar improves blood sugar control: by increasing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake”, which dropped may be partly). Uses the arteriovenous difference technique to measure actual muscle glucose disposal rather than relying on surrogate markers. Also shows vinegar reduces postprandial triglycerides without affecting fat breakdown.