Research paper
Ostman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, Björck I. Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005 Sep;59(9):983-988. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197
Why we cite it
Reports a dose-response relationship between acetic acid and both glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in 12 healthy subjects, significant ”at 30 min” (scope added 2026-09-10), indicating the effect is graded rather than binary. Also provides evidence that vinegar increases subjective satiety, adding a second benefit beyond blood sugar management.