Research paper
Johnston CS, Kim CM, Buller AJ. Vinegar improves insulin sensitivity to a high-carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27(1):281-282. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.1.281
Why we cite it
An early report measuring vinegar’s effect on postprandial insulin sensitivity across different metabolic states — insulin-sensitive controls (n = 8), insulin-resistant subjects (n = 11) and type 2 diabetics (n = 10), 29 in all — reporting, in its title, that vinegar ”improves insulin sensitivity to a high-carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes”. What it found in the insulin-sensitive controls is in no held file (corrected 2026-09-10 from ”finding the effect present in the insulin-resistant and diabetic groups and not only in healthy ones”).
What this source is, stated because the record did not state it until 2026-09-02: Diabetes Care 27(1):281–282 — a two-page brief communication, not a full trial report. This record’s own verification line reads ”Abstract verified: partial (no formal abstract available — brief communication)”, and the full text is paywalled and not held. The sample is in this record’s Extracted knowledge and was simply not in the Contribution: three groups — insulin-sensitive controls (n = 8), insulin-resistant subjects (n = 11), type 2 diabetics (n = 10), 29 subjects in all.