Research paper
Brennan IM, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Seimon RV, Otto B, Horowitz M, Wishart JM, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of fat, protein, and carbohydrate and protein load on appetite, plasma cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin, and energy intake in lean and obese men. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2012;303(1):G129-140. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00478.2011
Why we cite it
Demonstrates through a controlled crossover design that high-protein meals suppress subsequent energy intake in both lean and obese men, while revealing that obese individuals are specifically less sensitive to the satiating effects of fat — providing mechanistic evidence via sustained CCK and ghrelin responses that helps explain why protein is the most satiating macronutrient.