Research paper
Robinson E, Almiron-Roig E, Rutters F, de Graaf C, Forde CG, Tudur Smith C, Nolan SJ, Jebb SA. A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of eating rate on energy intake and hunger. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;100(1):123-151. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.081745
Why we cite it
First systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying the effect of eating rate on energy intake (22 studies). Establishes that slower eating reduces energy intake (SMD 0.45, p<0.0001) consistently across different experimental manipulations, and critically that this occurs without increasing hunger — people eat less but don't feel hungrier.