Research paper
Flood-Obbagy JE, Rolls BJ. The effect of fruit in different forms on energy intake and satiety at a meal. Appetite. 2009 Apr;52(2):416-422. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.001
Why we cite it
Provides a rigorous within-subject comparison of fruit in four physical forms — whole apple, applesauce, juice with fiber, and juice without fiber — all matched for calories, weight, and energy density. Directly relevant to the project because it demonstrates that whole fruit's satiety advantage is not simply about fiber content (adding fiber to juice did not help) but about the physical structure of solid food. This undermines the idea that juicing preserves fruit's benefits and quantifies whole apple's effect: 15% fewer calories consumed at the subsequent meal.
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.001 · PubMed 19110020 · Publisher