Research paper
Kokkinos A, le Roux CW, Alexiadou K, Tentolouris N, Vincent RP, Kyriaki D, Perrea D, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Katsilambros N. Eating slowly increases the postprandial response of the anorexigenic gut hormones, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2010;95(1):333-337.
Why we cite it
Crossover trial providing direct evidence that eating speed affects the hormonal satiety response — not just subjective fullness. By feeding the same 675-kcal meal at two speeds (5 vs 30 min) and measuring gut hormones, the study isolated eating rate as a variable driving higher PYY and GLP-1 release. Conducted by a strong Athens–Imperial College collaboration with Bloom's lab, a world leader in gut hormone biology.