Research paper
Kokkinos A, le Roux CW, Alexiadou K, Tentolouris N, Vincent RP, Kyriaki D, Perrea D, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Katsilambros N. Eating slowly increases the postprandial response of the anorexigenic gut hormones, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2010;95(1):333-337.
Why we cite it
Crossover trial in 17 healthy men: the same 675-kcal ice cream meal eaten in 5 or 30 minutes, in random order. PYY and GLP-1 responses were higher after the 30-minute meal (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001), and ghrelin did not differ. Subjective fullness showed only ”a trend” toward being higher immediately after the slower meal, and later intake was not measured. The authors conclude that ”Eating at a physiologically moderate pace leads to a more pronounced anorexigenic gut peptide response than eating very fast.” (Corrected 2026-09-19. This read ”direct evidence that eating speed affects the hormonal satiety response — not just subjective fullness”, when the fullness result was only a trend. It also carried two rankings: strong collaboration and a world leader.)