Research paper
Garaulet M, Gómez-Abellán P. Timing of food intake and obesity: a novel association. Physiology & Behavior. 2014;134:44-50. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.001. PMID: 24467926.
Why we cite it
Review synthesizing evidence that meal timing is an independent variable affecting obesity, linking behavioral, physiological, and molecular mechanisms through the circadian clock. Reviews the authors' own landmark 2013 study (420 participants, 20-week intervention) showing late lunch eaters lost significantly less weight despite identical caloric intake, the Jakubowicz et al. 2013 RCT showing high-calorie breakfast outperforms high-calorie dinner for weight loss, and animal studies demonstrating feeding during the inactive circadian phase causes greater weight gain. Integrates the authors' pioneering work on clock gene expression in human adipose tissue. Referenced in companion 426 for evidence that meal timing affects metabolic outcomes.
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.001 · PubMed 24467926 · Publisher